PC5214 wiki - User contributions [en]

Main Page

2022-05-07T13:36:40Z

Christian:

MediaWiki has been installed.
Welcome to the main page for the PC5214 graduate module AY2122, Sem2.
Here, we leave project descriptions, literature references, and other collateral information. You will need to create an account in class to obtain write access.

Actual lecture locations will be placed here until we have reached a stable state. If you are interested and have not been able to register, please send me an email (if you have not done so already) to [mailto:phyck@nus.edu.sg phyck@nus.edu.sg].

'''Editing of this wiki is now disabled. Hope you had some good time!'''

Cheers, Christian

==Lab spaces==
* '''S11-02-04''' (next to physics dept resource room). This is where most optics-related projects should go.
* '''S12 level 4''', "year 1 teaching lab", back room, "vanderGraff lab". This is perhaps were non-optics related projects would fit.
* '''S13-01-??''' (blue door: former accoustics lab). Not sure yet who could go there, but it is a really really quiet place!
* anything else you have access to

==Projects==
Please leave a a link to your project page (or pages) here, and leave a short description what this is about. Write the '''stuff you need''' under the description too.

===[[Project 1 (example)]]===
Keep a very brief description of a project or even a suggestion here, and perhaps the names of the team members, or who to contact if there is interest to join.

===[[Confocal Microscopy]]===
Team Members: Wang Tingyu, Xue Rui, Yang Hengxing

A Confocal Microscopy or Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) uses pinhole to block out all out of focus light to enhance optical resolution, very different from traditional wide-field fluorescence microscopes. To offset the block of out of focus lights, the light intensity is detected by a photomultiplier tube or avalanche photodiode, which transforms the light signal into an electrical one. We will try to build a Setup like this to enhance optical resolution and maybe get profile information about the sample.

===[[Resonance frequency measurement using a interferometric method]]===

Members: [[User:Nakarin|Nakarin Jayjong]], [[User:Aucca|Joel Auccapuclla]], [[User:Xiaoyu|Xiaoyu Nie]], [[User:Haotian|Haotian Song]].

In this project, the resonance frequency of the vibrating system namely the vibration transducer is measured using a Michelson interferometer.

===[[Homodyne detection]]===
Proposed By: [[User:Johnkhootf|John Khoo]]

Team Members: [[User:Johnkhootf|John Khoo]], [[User:Xie_Chengkun|Xie Chengkun]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodyne_detection ''Optical'' homodyne detection] is a method for detecting messages transmitted in optical signals, where a frequency or phase modulated signal is compared to what is misleadingly called the "local oscillator" (LO) signal, which is generated from the same source but not modulated with the message. In order to probe quantum effects, it is important to bring the noise of the detector down to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_noise ''shot-noise limit''], where the only fluctuations observed arise from the discrete nature of photons, which can be theoretically modelled as the vacuum-state fluctuations of the quantised electromagnetic field. This project's first objective is to build a homodyne detector from scratch.

'''Stuff we need''': Acousto-optical modulator, electro-optical modulator, transformer to control EOM, photodiodes, current-to-voltage converter (I'm not sure what this is - can we just use a resistor connected to the ground and measure the voltage?), Raspberry Pi (I hope the ADC is good enough for this), mirrors and beamsplitters

===[[Laser Microphone]]===
Team Members: [[User:Nicholas cjl|Nicholas Chong Jia Le]], [[User:Marcuslow|Marcus Low Zuo Wu]]

A laser spot illuminating a vibrating surface should move along with it, and tracking the motion of the spot should theoretically allow us to retrieve some of the information regarding the vibrations of the surface. If a loud enough sound causes the surface to vibrate, this should theoretically be enough for the transmission of audio information through visual means. The signal obtained will then be put through a few different digital signal processing techniques in an attempt to retrieve a (good enough) copy of the original audio.

===[[Argon gas discharge lamp]]===
Proposed By: Park Kun Hee

Team Members: Park Kun Hee, Yang Jincheng, Qin Jingwen

By applying a sufficiently high DC voltage across a gas, the gas atoms/molecules are ionised by the strong electric field.
In this project, we construct an Argon-based gas discharge lamp, with adjustable pressure and voltage.
The breakdown voltage of Argon gas with respect to pressure changes is observed, and compared with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschen%27s_law Paschen's law].
We also observe changes in the spectroscopic properties of the plasma with varying pressure.

===[[Characterization of Single Photon Counters]]===
Proposed By: Yeo Zhen Yuan

The project is to characterize an Avalanche PhotoDiode (APD) and compare its efficiency with commercial counterparts like [https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/excelitas-technologies/SPCM-AQRH-10-FC/6235280 this device]. It works based on the photoelectric effect to turn incident photon into photoelectron. This photoelectron is then accelerated in an electric field to produce cascading electrons and this "electron avalanche" is detected as a spike in the current. Analog signals will need to be processed via custom electronics and ultimately provide a digital readout. Current commercial detectors boast 50% Photon Detector Efficiency (PDE) at room temperature and that will be our goal. They typically cost $2000-$5000 which seems over-priced and ready for disruption. Liquid nitrogen temperatures may be needed to see how large a PDE we can get.

What is SPCM good for? Copied from the datasheet/brochure: LIDAR, Quantum Cryptography, Photon correlation spectroscopy, Astronomical observation, Optical range finding, Adaptive optics, Ultra-sensitive fluorescence, Particle sizing, Microscopy. So maybe this would become a toy/tool for next year's students.

[NEW CAPABILITY]

High throughput Oscilloscope data collection. ~700 "screenshots" per minute. Demonstration on APD, 10K screenshots of 2 Channel Digital Oscilloscope [https://github.com/zhenyuan992/OpenWave-1KB/raw/88a85a7f18741b370563b03d87a53f913b714a4c/src/results03_01_apdvoltage.png].

Semi-seamless data collection [https://www.tek.com/en/support/faqs/can-i-use-my-oscilloscope-do-data-logging].

===[[Kerr Microscope]]===
Proposed By: Sim May Inn (write up by Joel Yeo)

'''Team members: Gan Jun Herng, Joel Yeo, Sim May Inn'''

'''Project Location: S11-02-04'''

Imaging a sample can be done in many ways, depending on the light-matter interaction we are interested in observing. The magneto-optic Kerr effect describes the change in polarization and intensity of incident light when it impinges on the surface of a magnetic material. The resultant reflected light can then form an image through focusing optics which provides high contrast between areas of different magnetization.

In this project, we will be aiming to build a basic Kerr microscope using off-the-shelf polarizers, objectives, detectors and laser source. An example of a magnetic sample is the magnetic tape from an old school cassette tape. To increase the field of view, we also plan to incorporate automatic raster scanning of the sample through means of an Arduino-controlled sample stage.

'''Items needed (as of 28 Feb 2022):'''
* Light source (visibile wavelength): <s> Laser, LED </s>, laser diode
* <s> Linear polarizer (sheet) x 2Camera (CCD/CMOS) </s>
* <s> Non-polarizing beam splitter </s>
* <s> Camera (CCD/CMOS) </s>
* <s> Pinhole/aperture </s>
* <s> Magnetic samples for Kerr microscopy (eg. Magnetic film, magnets, ferromagnetic materials) </s>
* Arduino
* Microscope stage
* Piezoelectrics (?) for moving stage

===[[Electron Gun]]===
Team Members: Aliki Sofia Rotelli, Lai Tian Hao, Lim En Liang Irvin, Tan Chuan Jie

The purpose of this project is to design and build an electron gun from the initial concept in order to create a detectable electron beam through the use of a phosphor-coated screen. Additionally, the beam current will be examined in order to better define the devices' capabilities. Mass spectrometry, x-ray production for linear accelerators, and electron-beam lithography are just a few of the applications for electron gun technology.

===[[Smoke detection in air]]===
Team Members: Cheng De Hao, Huang Hai Tao, Wang Zheng Yu

Using detector to detect the scattering light and amplify the signal by using the lock-in amplifier.

===[[Anti-glare LCD]]===
Team members: Zhang Yuanyuan, Ming Xiaohan, Han Shixin

As s bad lighting phenomenon, glare phonomenon brings inconvenience to all aspects of human life, especially people's access to information on instruments. In order to suppress glare effectively, anti-glare film is put into research. The common anti-glare film in the market is an optical film using the principle of optical scattering, but it can not adapt to the change of light environment in time, which has some limitations in practical application. In this study, a two-dimensional barcode micro-region orientation structure, based on the characteristics of liquid crystal, namely a random grating structure, was designed by simulation in the lab and using MATLAB software, and its optional parameters were searched.

===[[Custom atomic beam source]]===
Team Members: Lu Tiangao, Li Putian

===[[Schlieren Imaging]]===
Team members: Zhang Xingjian, Du Jinyi

We built a Schlieren imaging setup and saw the airflow generated by the lighter, the heat of the hand, and the blow. Other than that, we also make a high-frequency blinking light source to "stop" the 40 kHz ultrasound wave generated by an ultrasonic speaker and captured it by the Schlieren imaging setup.

===[[Contactless Conductivity Measurement]]===

Team members: Chen Guohao, Jiang Luwen

The purpose of this project is to measure the conductivity of materials without having to make electrical contact with them. Specifically, we make use of the eddy-current induced in the materials to calculate the conductivity.

===[[Quantum Random Number Generator]]===

'''Proposed by: Zhang Munan'''

'''Team members: Wang Yang, Xiao Yucan, Zhang Munan'''

'''Venue: S14-03-04'''

Random numbers are a fundamental resource in science and engineering with important applications in simulation and cryptography. The inherent randomness at the core of quantum mechanics makes quantum systems a perfect source of entropy. Quantum random number generation is one of the most mature quantum technologies with many alternative generation methods. The purpose of our project is to build a simple optics-based QRNG. We will also collect the random number generated by our device and use some methods to check the randomness.

===[[Orbits of the Galilean Moons]]===

Team Members: [[User:Matthew|Matthew Wee]]

Galileo Galilei’s discovery of celestial bodies that orbit something other than the Earth marked the beginning of the end of the geocentric model of the universe. In this project, we will perform the same observations on those moons as Galileo did 400 years ago.

===[[A digital oscilloscope Based on MCU]]===

Team Members: Zhang Chengyue, Yang Ningli, Guo Diandian, Chen Jiayu

We design a digital oscilloscope with STC8A8K chip as the control core, which mainly consists of two modules: hardware circuit and software program. The hardware module mainly includes OLED screen, voltage sampling circuit, clock system, power supply and management module and so on. The software module mainly includes A/D sampling, OLED display, interrupt timing and some necessary data processing. its measurable bandwidth is 0-3000Hz, the measured range is 0-30V. After many tests and comparisons, the design achieves the amplification and reduction of waveform and the measurement of different frequency waveform in the experimental process, so as to achieve the desired goal.

===[[Radio-Frequency shielding applied to RFID]]===

Team Members: Jasper Phua

The purpose of the project is to investigate how RF shielding works on RFID technology and perhaps extend the knowledge to all forms of electromagnetic shielding in various industries or application.

==Resources==
===[[Recorded sessions]]===
Some of the sessions will be recorded and uploaded to youtube. Find a description on the [[Recorded sessions]] page.

===Devices and material===
Apart form all the stuff in the teaching lab, we have a few resources you may want to consider for your project
*...

'''Books:'''
* P.R. Bevington, D.K. Robinson: Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 3rd edition. McGrawHill, ISBN0-07-119926-8. A very good book containing all the questions you never allowed yourself to ask about error treatment, statistics, fitting of data to models etc.
* Horrowitz/Hill: The Art of Electronics
* C.H. Moore, C.C. Davis, M.A. Coplan: Building Scientific Apparatus. 2nd or higher edition. Perseus Books, ISBN0-201-13189-7. A very comprehensive book about many dirty details in experimental physics, and ways to get simple problems solved. Appears a bit dated, but is a good start for many experimental projects up to this day!
* Christopher C. Davis: Laser and Electro-optics. Useful as a general introduction to many contemporary aspects you come across when working with lasers, with a reasonable introduction of the theory. Very practical for optics.

'''Software:'''
Some of the more common data processing tools used in experimental physics:
* [http://www.gnuplot.info/ '''Gnuplot''']: A free and very mature data display tool that works on just about any platform used that produces excellent publication-grade eps and pdf figures. Can be also used in scripts. Open source and completely free.
* Various '''Python''' extensions. [http://www.python.org/ Python] is a very powerful free programming language that runs on just about any computer platform. It is open source and completely free.
* '''Matlab''': Very common, good toolset also for formal mathematics, good graphics. Expensive. We may have a site license, but I am not sure how painful it is for us to get a license for this course. Ask me if interested.
* '''Mathematica''': More common among theroetical physicists, very good in formal maths, now with better numerics. Graphs are ok but can be a pain to make looking good. As with Matlab, we do have a campus license but an increasingly painful licensing ritual. Ask me if interested or follow the instruction to install the software in your desktop.
* '''Origin''': Very widespread data processing software with a complete graphical user interface, integrates well into a Windows environment. Most likely available in your research labs, not sure if NUS has a site license.
* '''Labview''': Many of you may have seen this in your labs, but I am not too familiar with it, and chances are it is too resource-hungry to run on the machines we have there. It keeps its promise of a fast learning curve if you want to do simple things but it can get a REAL pain if you want to do subtle things, or want to do things fast, or want to debug code. Expensive and resource-hungry, but comes with good integration of also expensive hardware. May not be worth it if you know any programming language.
* [https://www.circuitlab.com/ '''Circuit Lab''']: a convenient software to design and simulate electrical circuits directly at your browser. I think Flash is required. It works well in Chrome.

===[[Acronym database]]===
This is an attempt to clarify the countless acronyms we use in our sub-communities (follow headline link)

===[[Gnuplot tricks]]===
Follow the headline link for some of the random questions that came up with gnuplot.

== Previous PC5214 wikis ==
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1819S2 AY2018/19 Sem2]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1415S1 AY2014/15 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1314S1 AY2013/14 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1213S1 AY2012/13 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1112S1 AY2011/12 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1011S1 AY2010/11 Sem1]

== Some wiki reference materials==
Consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. Other sources:

* [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [[Writing mathematical expressions]]
* [[Uploading images]]

Main Page

2022-04-06T02:21:44Z

Christian:

MediaWiki has been installed.
Welcome to the main page for the PC5214 graduate module AY2122, Sem2.
Here, we leave project descriptions, literature references, and other collateral information. You will need to create an account in class to obtain write access.

Actual lecture locations will be placed here until we have reached a stable state. If you are interested and have not been able to register, please send me an email (if you have not done so already) to [mailto:phyck@nus.edu.sg phyck@nus.edu.sg].

'''Deadline for all the wiki entries will be 30 April 2022, 23:59! Please ensure that you hare happy with your entries by that time!'''

Cheers, Christian

This page is currently set up.

==Lab spaces==
* '''S11-02-04''' (next to physics dept resource room). This is where most optics-related projects should go.
* '''S12 level 4''', "year 1 teaching lab", back room, "vanderGraff lab". This is perhaps were non-optics related projects would fit.
* '''S13-01-??''' (blue door: former accoustics lab). Not sure yet who could go there, but it is a really really quiet place!
* anything else you have access to

==Projects==
Please leave a a link to your project page (or pages) here, and leave a short description what this is about. Write the '''stuff you need''' under the description too.

===[[Project 1 (example)]]===
Keep a very brief description of a project or even a suggestion here, and perhaps the names of the team members, or who to contact if there is interest to join.

===[[Confocal Microscopy]]===
Team Members: Wang Tingyu, Xue Rui, Yang Hengxing

A Confocal Microscopy or Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) uses pinhole to block out all out of focus light to enhance optical resolution, very different from traditional wide-field fluorescence microscopes. To offset the block of out of focus lights, the light intensity is detected by a photomultiplier tube or avalanche photodiode, which transforms the light signal into an electrical one. We will try to build a Setup like this to enhance optical resolution and maybe get profile information about the sample.

===[[An interferometric method for measuring the resonance frequency of a vibrating system]]===

Members: [[User:Nakarin|Nakarin Jayjong]], [[User:Aucca|Joel Auccapuclla]], [[User:Xiaoyu|Xiaoyu Nie]], [[User:Haotian|Haotian Song]].

In this project, the resonance frequency of the vibrating system namely the vibration transducer is measured using a Michelson interferometer.

===[[Homodyne detection]]===
Proposed By: [[User:Johnkhootf|John Khoo]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodyne_detection ''Optical'' homodyne detection] is a method for detecting messages transmitted in optical signals, where a frequency or phase modulated signal is compared to what is misleadingly called the "local oscillator" (LO) signal, which is generated from the same source but not modulated with the message. In order to probe quantum effects, it is important to bring the noise of the detector down to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_noise ''shot-noise limit''], where the only fluctuations observed arise from the discrete nature of photons, which can be theoretically modelled as the vacuum-state fluctuations of the quantised electromagnetic field. This project's first objective is to build a homodyne detector from scratch.

'''Stuff we need''': Acousto-optical modulator, electro-optical modulator, transformer to control EOM, photodiodes, current-to-voltage converter (I'm not sure what this is - can we just use a resistor connected to the ground and measure the voltage?), Raspberry Pi (I hope the ADC is good enough for this), mirrors and beamsplitters

===[[Laser Microphone]]===
Team Members: Nicholas Chong Jia Le, Marcus Low Zuo Wu

A laser spot illuminating a vibrating surface should move along with it, and tracking the motion of the spot should theoretically allow us to retrieve some of the information regarding the vibrations of the surface. If a loud enough sound causes the surface to vibrate, this should theoretically be enough for the transmission of audio information through visual means. We have a few different methods through which we will attempt to realise this.

===[[Plasma emission spectroscopy]]===
Proposed By: Park Kun Hee

Pulsed plasma in partial vacuum is characterised, by analysing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line_ratios line intensity ratios] to determine its temperature and density.

===[[Characterization of Single Photon Counters]]===
Proposed By: Yeo Zhen Yuan

The project is to characterize an Avalanche PhotoDiode (APD) and compare its efficiency with commercial counterparts like [https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/excelitas-technologies/SPCM-AQRH-10-FC/6235280 this device]. It works based on the photoelectric effect to turn incident photon into photoelectron. This photoelectron is then accelerated in an electric field to produce cascading electrons and this "electron avalanche" is detected as a spike in the current. Analog signals will need to be processed via custom electronics and ultimately provide a digital readout. Current commercial detectors boast 50% Photon Detector Efficiency (PDE) at room temperature and that will be our goal. They typically cost $2000-$5000 which seems over-priced and ready for disruption. Liquid nitrogen temperatures may be needed to see how large a PDE we can get.

What is SPCM good for? Copied from the datasheet/brochure: LIDAR, Quantum Cryptography, Photon correlation spectroscopy, Astronomical observation, Optical range finding, Adaptive optics, Ultra-sensitive fluorescence, Particle sizing, Microscopy. So maybe this would become a toy/tool for next year's students.

[NEW CAPABILITY]

High throughput Oscilloscope data collection. ~1000 "screenshots" per minute. Semi-seamless data collection [https://www.tek.com/en/support/faqs/can-i-use-my-oscilloscope-do-data-logging].

===[[Kerr Microscope]]===
Proposed By: Sim May Inn (write up by Joel Yeo)

'''Team members: Gan Jun Herng, Joel Yeo, Sim May Inn'''

'''Project Location: S11-02-04'''

Imaging a sample can be done in many ways, depending on the light-matter interaction we are interested in observing. The magneto-optic Kerr effect describes the change in polarization and intensity of incident light when it impinges on the surface of a magnetic material. The resultant reflected light can then form an image through focusing optics which provides high contrast between areas of different magnetization.

In this project, we will be aiming to build a basic Kerr microscope using off-the-shelf polarizers, objectives, detectors and laser source. An example of a magnetic sample is the magnetic tape from an old school cassette tape. To increase the field of view, we also plan to incorporate automatic raster scanning of the sample through means of an Arduino-controlled sample stage.

'''Items needed (as of 28 Feb 2022):'''
* Light source (visibile wavelength): <s> Laser, LED </s>, laser diode
* <s> Linear polarizer (sheet) x 2Camera (CCD/CMOS) </s>
* <s> Non-polarizing beam splitter </s>
* <s> Camera (CCD/CMOS) </s>
* <s> Pinhole/aperture </s>
* <s> Magnetic samples for Kerr microscopy (eg. Magnetic film, magnets, ferromagnetic materials) </s>
* Arduino
* Microscope stage
* Piezoelectrics (?) for moving stage

===[[Electron Gun]]===
Team Members: Aliki Sofia Rotelli, Lai Tian Hao, Lim En Liang Irvin, Tan Chuan Jie

The purpose of this project is to design and build an electron gun from the initial concept in order to create a detectable electron beam through the use of a phosphor-coated screen. Additionally, the beam current will be examined in order to better define the devices' capabilities. Mass spectrometry, x-ray production for linear accelerators, and electron-beam lithography are just a few of the applications for electron gun technology.

===[[Smoke detection in air]]===
Team Members: Cheng De Hao, Huang Hai Tao, Wang Zheng Yu

Using detector to detect the scattering light and amplify the signal by using the lock-in amplifier.

===[[Anti-glare LCD]]===
Team members: Zhang Yuanyuan, Ming Xiaohan, Han Shixin

As s bad lighting phenomenon, glare phonomenon brings inconvenience to all aspects of human life, especially people's access to information on instruments. In order to suppress glare effectively, anti-glare film is put into research. The common anti-glare film in the market is an optical film using the principle of optical scattering, but it can not adapt to the change of light environment in time, which has some limitations in practical application. In this study, a two-dimensional barcode micro-region orientation structure, based on the characteristics of liquid crystal, namely a random grating structure, was designed by simulation in the lab and using MATLAB software, and its optional parameters were searched.

===[[Custom atomic beam source]]===
Team Members: Lu Tiangao, Li Putian

===[[Schlieren imaging]]===
Team members: Zhang Xingjian, Du Jinyi

===[[Contactless Conductivity Measurement]]===

Team members: Chen Guohao, Jiang Luwen

The purpose of this project is to measure the conductivity of materials without having to make electrical contact with them. Specifically, we make use of the eddy-current induced in the materials to calculate the conductivity.

===[[Quantum Random Number Generator]]===

Team members: Wang Yang, Xiao Yucan, Zhang Munan

Random numbers are a fundamental resource in science and engineering with important applications in simulation and cryptography. The inherent randomness at the core of quantum mechanics makes quantum systems a perfect source of entropy. Quantum random number generation is one of the most mature quantum technologies with many alternative generation methods. The purpose of our project is to build a simple optics-based QRNG. We will also collect the random number generated by our device and use some methods to check the randomness.

===[[Orbits of the Galilean Moons]]===

Team Members: [[User:Matthew|Matthew Wee]]

Galileo Galilei’s discovery of celestial bodies that orbit something other than the Earth marked the beginning of the end of the geocentric model of the universe. In this project, we will perform the same observations on those moons as Galileo did 400 years ago.

===[[Capacitor array based ADC]]===

Team Members: Zhang Chengyue, Yang Ningli, Guo Diandian, Chen Jiayu

In this project, we are going to make an ADC.

==Resources==
===[[Recorded sessions]]===
Some of the sessions will be recorded and uploaded to youtube. Find a description on the [[Recorded sessions]] page.

===Devices and material===
Apart form all the stuff in the teaching lab, we have a few resources you may want to consider for your project
*...

'''Books:'''
* P.R. Bevington, D.K. Robinson: Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 3rd edition. McGrawHill, ISBN0-07-119926-8. A very good book containing all the questions you never allowed yourself to ask about error treatment, statistics, fitting of data to models etc.
* Horrowitz/Hill: The Art of Electronics
* C.H. Moore, C.C. Davis, M.A. Coplan: Building Scientific Apparatus. 2nd or higher edition. Perseus Books, ISBN0-201-13189-7. A very comprehensive book about many dirty details in experimental physics, and ways to get simple problems solved. Appears a bit dated, but is a good start for many experimental projects up to this day!
* Christopher C. Davis: Laser and Electro-optics. Useful as a general introduction to many contemporary aspects you come across when working with lasers, with a reasonable introduction of the theory. Very practical for optics.

'''Software:'''
Some of the more common data processing tools used in experimental physics:
* [http://www.gnuplot.info/ '''Gnuplot''']: A free and very mature data display tool that works on just about any platform used that produces excellent publication-grade eps and pdf figures. Can be also used in scripts. Open source and completely free.
* Various '''Python''' extensions. [http://www.python.org/ Python] is a very powerful free programming language that runs on just about any computer platform. It is open source and completely free.
* '''Matlab''': Very common, good toolset also for formal mathematics, good graphics. Expensive. We may have a site license, but I am not sure how painful it is for us to get a license for this course. Ask me if interested.
* '''Mathematica''': More common among theroetical physicists, very good in formal maths, now with better numerics. Graphs are ok but can be a pain to make looking good. As with Matlab, we do have a campus license but an increasingly painful licensing ritual. Ask me if interested or follow the instruction to install the software in your desktop.
* '''Origin''': Very widespread data processing software with a complete graphical user interface, integrates well into a Windows environment. Most likely available in your research labs, not sure if NUS has a site license.
* '''Labview''': Many of you may have seen this in your labs, but I am not too familiar with it, and chances are it is too resource-hungry to run on the machines we have there. It keeps its promise of a fast learning curve if you want to do simple things but it can get a REAL pain if you want to do subtle things, or want to do things fast, or want to debug code. Expensive and resource-hungry, but comes with good integration of also expensive hardware. May not be worth it if you know any programming language.
* [https://www.circuitlab.com/ '''Circuit Lab''']: a convenient software to design and simulate electrical circuits directly at your browser. I think Flash is required. It works well in Chrome.

===[[Acronym database]]===
This is an attempt to clarify the countless acronyms we use in our sub-communities (follow headline link)

===[[Gnuplot tricks]]===
Follow the headline link for some of the random questions that came up with gnuplot.

== Previous PC5214 wikis ==
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1819S2 AY2018/19 Sem2]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1415S1 AY2014/15 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1314S1 AY2013/14 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1213S1 AY2012/13 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1112S1 AY2011/12 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1011S1 AY2010/11 Sem1]

== Some wiki reference materials==
Consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. Other sources:

* [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [[Writing mathematical expressions]]
* [[Uploading images]]

Recorded sessions

2022-03-30T10:47:09Z

Christian: /* Overview */

Some of the sessions are recorded and put onto youtube.

===Overview===
{| class="wikitable"
! When !! Link !! Comment
|-

| 11.1.2022 || https://youtu.be/ag-VRoq_cM8 || Session 1: Logistics overview and some questions
|-

|14.1.2022 || https://youtu.be/NMLUr49b2Hc || Session 2: Some basics on distribution, error bars, and error propagagion
|-

|18.1.2022 || https://youtu.be/pQnAAMm6UKY || Session 3: Fit of model functions to mesured data
|-

|21.1.2022 || https://youtu.be/HoPTnpk1B-4 || Session 4: Some project discussion:Confocal microscopes, length measurements
|-

|25.1.2022 || https://youtu.be/pXH2Dl3gBD0 || Session 5: Paraxial ray optics and matrix methods
|-

|28.1.2022 || https://youtu.be/dd-Up_-0xb8 || Session 6: Paraxial weave equation, Gaussian beams, ABCD law
|-

|4.2.2022 || https://youtu.be/gGerOqxGmZw || Session 7: Project discussions
|-

|22.3.2022 || https://youtu.be/XnusijGCH_0 || Session 8: Lock-in amplifiers
|-

|29.3.2022 || https://youtu.be/C9Z6Bh_ww4A || Session 9: Vacuum systems
|-

|}

Recorded sessions

2022-03-23T01:09:32Z

Christian: /* Overview */

Recorded sessions

2022-02-05T05:32:27Z

Christian: /* Overview */

Main Page

2022-02-05T05:28:23Z

Christian: /* Lab spaces */

MediaWiki has been installed.
Welcome to the main page for the PC5214 graduate module AY2122, Sem2.
Here, we leave project descriptions, literature references, and other collateral information. You will need to create an account in class to obtain write access.

Actual lecture locations will be placed here until we have reached a stable state. If you are interested and have not been able to register, please send me an email (if you have not done so already) to [mailto:phyck@nus.edu.sg phyck@nus.edu.sg].

'''For the session on 14 Jan and some following sessions, we were given LT29.'''

Cheers, Christian

This page is currently set up.

==Lab spaces==
* '''S11-02-04''' (next to physics dept resource room). This is where most optics-related projects should go.
* '''S12 level 4''', "year 1 teaching lab", back room, "vanderGraff lab". This is perhaps were non-optics related projects would fit.
* '''S13-01-??''' (blue door: former accoustics lab). Not sure yet who could go there, but it is a really really quiet place!
* anything else you have access to

==Projects==
Please leave a a link to your project page (or pages) here, and leave a short description what this is about.

===[[Project 1 (example)]]===
Keep a very brief description of a project or even a suggestion here, and perhaps the names of the team members, or who to contact if there is interest to join.

===[[Confocal Microscopy]]===
Team Members: Wang Tingyu, Xue Rui, Yang Hengxing

A Confocal Microscopy or Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) uses pinhole to block out all out of focus light to enhance optical resolution, very different from traditional wide-field fluorescence microscopes. To offset the block of out of focus lights, the light intensity is detected by a photomultiplier tube or avalanche photodiode, which transforms the light signal into an electrical one. We will try to build a Setup like this to enhance optical resolution and maybe get profile information about the sample.

===[[Measure index of refraction]]===

Members: Joel Auccapuclla, Xiaoyu Nie, Haotian Song, Nakarin Jayjong.
Use an interferometer to obtain the index of refraction of different materials, for instance air.

===[[Build a theremin!]]===
Proposed By: [[User:Johnkhootf|John Khoo]]

The theremin is one of the first electric instruments, invented in the 1930s. Despite its relative simplicity, its unique sound can be [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajM4vYCZMZk hauntingly beautiful], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEcZFvGVGf0 deeply elegant], or just [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wpwn2LVy9eA downright cool]. The two "antennas" are "plates" in a capacitor, with the other "plates" being the thereminist's hands - by moving his hands, he adjusts the capacitance and controls the volume and pitch of the oscillation produced. This project aims to build a theremin using stock circuit components.

===[[Continuous-variable QKD with Gaussian modulation and coherent states]]===
Proposed By: [[User:Johnkhootf|John Khoo]]

While the first protocols for quantum key distribution (QKD) involved discrete variables (DV) in finite, small dimensions, QKD can also be done using continuous variables (CV) in infinite dimensions, i.e. the state of an electromagnetic field. Using Gaussian modulation and coherent states makes the QKD system relatively easy to implement and analyse, although getting positive key rates is a different matter. We will attempt to build a CV-QKD setup from scratch for this project, including the implementation of the QKD protocol itself in software. We want to pay particular attention to the design of the amplifier for the homodyne detector, for which there are stringent requirements and difficult tradeoffs to make.

===[[Laser Microphone]]===
Team Members: Nicholas Chong Jia Le, Marcus Low Zuo Wu

A laser spot illuminating a vibrating surface should move along with it, and tracking the motion of the spot should theoretically allow us to retrieve some of the information regarding the vibrations of the surface. If a loud enough sound causes the surface to vibrate, this should theoretically be enough for the transmission of audio information through visual means. We have a few different methods through which we will attempt to realise this.

===[[Plasma emission spectroscopy]]===
Proposed By: Park Kun Hee

Pulsed plasma in partial vacuum is characterised, by analysing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line_ratios line intensity ratios] to determine its temperature and density.

===[[Single Photon Counters]]===
Proposed By: Yeo Zhen Yuan

The project is to build a Single Photon Counting Module (SPCM) from scratch and compare its efficiency with commercial counterparts like [https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/excelitas-technologies/SPCM-AQRH-10-FC/6235280 this device]. It works based on the photoelectric effect to turn incident photon into photoelectron. This photoelectron is then accelerated in an electric field to produce cascading electrons and this "electron avalanche" is detected as a spike in the current. This project may require a semiconductor fabrication facility, or we may have to make do with available photodiodes. Analogue signals will need to be processed via custom electronics and ultimately provide a digital readout. Current commercial detectors boast 50% Photon Detector Efficiency (PDE) at room temperature and that will be our goal. They typically cost $2000-$5000 which seems over-priced and ready for disruption. Liquid nitrogen temperatures may be needed to see how large a PDE we can get.

What is SPCM good for? Copied from the datasheet/brochure: LIDAR, Quantum Cryptography, Photon correlation spectroscopy, Astronomical observation, Optical range finding, Adaptive optics, Ultra-sensitive fluorescence, Particle sizing, Microscopy. So maybe this would become a toy/tool for next year's students.

===[[Kerr Microscope]]===
Proposed By: Sim May Inn (write up by Joel Yeo)

Team members: Gan Jun Herng, Joel Yeo

Imaging a sample can be done in many ways, depending on the light-matter interaction we are interested in observing. The magneto-optic Kerr effect describes the change in polarization and intensity of incident light when it impinges on the surface of a magnetic material. The resultant reflected light can then form an image through focusing optics which provides high contrast between areas of different magnetization.

In this project, we will be aiming to build a basic Kerr microscope using off-the-shelf polarizers, objectives, detectors and laser source. An example of a magnetic sample is the magnetic tape from an old school cassette tape. To increase the field of view, we also plan to incorporate automatic raster scanning of the sample through means of an Arduino-controlled sample stage.

===[[Electron Gun]]===
Team Members: Irvin Lim, Aliki Sofia Rotelli, Tan Chuan Jie, Lai Tian Hao

The purpose of this project is to design and build an electron gun from the initial concept in order to create a detectable electron beam through the use of a phosphor-coated screen. Additionally, the beam current will be examined in order to better define the devices' capabilities. Mass spectrometry, x-ray production for linear accelerators, and electron-beam lithography are just a few of the applications for electron gun technology.

===[[Polarization-entangled photon source]]===
Team Members: Cheng De Hao, Huang Hai Tao, Wang Zhenyu

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the coherent conversion of polarization-entangled photons. The polarization-coherent up-conversion takes place in two orthogonally oriented, periodically-poled ppKTP crystals. Hopefully, we can create converted state that violates a Bell inequality and verify the conversion of polarization entanglement.

==Resources==
===[[Recorded sessions]]===
Some of the sessions will be recorded and uploaded to youtube. Find a description on the [[Recorded sessions]] page.

===Devices and material===
Apart form all the stuff in the teaching lab, we have a few resources you may want to consider for your project
*...

'''Books:'''
* P.R. Bevington, D.K. Robinson: Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 3rd edition. McGrawHill, ISBN0-07-119926-8. A very good book containing all the questions you never allowed yourself to ask about error treatment, statistics, fitting of data to models etc.
* Horrowitz/Hill: The Art of Electronics
* C.H. Moore, C.C. Davis, M.A. Coplan: Building Scientific Apparatus. 2nd or higher edition. Perseus Books, ISBN0-201-13189-7. A very comprehensive book about many dirty details in experimental physics, and ways to get simple problems solved. Appears a bit dated, but is a good start for many experimental projects up to this day!
* Christopher C. Davis: Laser and Electro-optics. Useful as a general introduction to many contemporary aspects you come across when working with lasers, with a reasonable introduction of the theory. Very practical for optics.

'''Software:'''
Some of the more common data processing tools used in experimental physics:
* [http://www.gnuplot.info/ '''Gnuplot''']: A free and very mature data display tool that works on just about any platform used that produces excellent publication-grade eps and pdf figures. Can be also used in scripts. Open source and completely free.
* Various '''Python''' extensions. [http://www.python.org/ Python] is a very powerful free programming language that runs on just about any computer platform. It is open source and completely free.
* '''Matlab''': Very common, good toolset also for formal mathematics, good graphics. Expensive. We may have a site license, but I am not sure how painful it is for us to get a license for this course. Ask me if interested.
* '''Mathematica''': More common among theroetical physicists, very good in formal maths, now with better numerics. Graphs are ok but can be a pain to make looking good. As with Matlab, we do have a campus license but an increasingly painful licensing ritual. Ask me if interested or follow the instruction to install the software in your desktop.
* '''Origin''': Very widespread data processing software with a complete graphical user interface, integrates well into a Windows environment. Most likely available in your research labs, not sure if NUS has a site license.
* '''Labview''': Many of you may have seen this in your labs, but I am not too familiar with it, and chances are it is too resource-hungry to run on the machines we have there. It keeps its promise of a fast learning curve if you want to do simple things but it can get a REAL pain if you want to do subtle things, or want to do things fast, or want to debug code. Expensive and resource-hungry, but comes with good integration of also expensive hardware. May not be worth it if you know any programming language.
* [https://www.circuitlab.com/ '''Circuit Lab''']: a convenient software to design and simulate electrical circuits directly at your browser. I think Flash is required. It works well in Chrome.

===[[Acronym database]]===
This is an attempt to clarify the countless acronyms we use in our sub-communities (follow headline link)

===[[Gnuplot tricks]]===
Follow the headline link for some of the random questions that came up with gnuplot.

== Previous PC5214 wikis ==
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1819S2 AY2018/19 Sem2]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1415S1 AY2014/15 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1314S1 AY2013/14 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1213S1 AY2012/13 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1112S1 AY2011/12 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1011S1 AY2010/11 Sem1]

== Some wiki reference materials==
Consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. Other sources:

* [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [[Writing mathematical expressions]]
* [[Uploading images]]

Main Page

2022-02-05T05:27:32Z

Christian: /* Lab spaces */

MediaWiki has been installed.
Welcome to the main page for the PC5214 graduate module AY2122, Sem2.
Here, we leave project descriptions, literature references, and other collateral information. You will need to create an account in class to obtain write access.

Actual lecture locations will be placed here until we have reached a stable state. If you are interested and have not been able to register, please send me an email (if you have not done so already) to [mailto:phyck@nus.edu.sg phyck@nus.edu.sg].

'''For the session on 14 Jan and some following sessions, we were given LT29.'''

Cheers, Christian

This page is currently set up.

==Lab spaces==
* S11-02-04 (next to resource room). This is where most optics-related projects should go.
* S12 level 4,"tear 1 teaching lab", back room, "vanderGraff lab". This is perhaps were non-optics related projects would fit.
* S13-01-?? (blue door: former accoustics lab). Not sure yet who could go there, but it is a really really quiet place!
* anything else you have access to

==Projects==
Please leave a a link to your project page (or pages) here, and leave a short description what this is about.

===[[Project 1 (example)]]===
Keep a very brief description of a project or even a suggestion here, and perhaps the names of the team members, or who to contact if there is interest to join.

===[[Confocal Microscopy]]===
Team Members: Wang Tingyu, Xue Rui, Yang Hengxing

A Confocal Microscopy or Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) uses pinhole to block out all out of focus light to enhance optical resolution, very different from traditional wide-field fluorescence microscopes. To offset the block of out of focus lights, the light intensity is detected by a photomultiplier tube or avalanche photodiode, which transforms the light signal into an electrical one. We will try to build a Setup like this to enhance optical resolution and maybe get profile information about the sample.

===[[Measure index of refraction]]===

Members: Joel Auccapuclla, Xiaoyu Nie, Haotian Song, Nakarin Jayjong.
Use an interferometer to obtain the index of refraction of different materials, for instance air.

===[[Build a theremin!]]===
Proposed By: [[User:Johnkhootf|John Khoo]]

The theremin is one of the first electric instruments, invented in the 1930s. Despite its relative simplicity, its unique sound can be [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajM4vYCZMZk hauntingly beautiful], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEcZFvGVGf0 deeply elegant], or just [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wpwn2LVy9eA downright cool]. The two "antennas" are "plates" in a capacitor, with the other "plates" being the thereminist's hands - by moving his hands, he adjusts the capacitance and controls the volume and pitch of the oscillation produced. This project aims to build a theremin using stock circuit components.

===[[Continuous-variable QKD with Gaussian modulation and coherent states]]===
Proposed By: [[User:Johnkhootf|John Khoo]]

While the first protocols for quantum key distribution (QKD) involved discrete variables (DV) in finite, small dimensions, QKD can also be done using continuous variables (CV) in infinite dimensions, i.e. the state of an electromagnetic field. Using Gaussian modulation and coherent states makes the QKD system relatively easy to implement and analyse, although getting positive key rates is a different matter. We will attempt to build a CV-QKD setup from scratch for this project, including the implementation of the QKD protocol itself in software. We want to pay particular attention to the design of the amplifier for the homodyne detector, for which there are stringent requirements and difficult tradeoffs to make.

===[[Laser Microphone]]===
Team Members: Nicholas Chong Jia Le, Marcus Low Zuo Wu

A laser spot illuminating a vibrating surface should move along with it, and tracking the motion of the spot should theoretically allow us to retrieve some of the information regarding the vibrations of the surface. If a loud enough sound causes the surface to vibrate, this should theoretically be enough for the transmission of audio information through visual means. We have a few different methods through which we will attempt to realise this.

===[[Plasma emission spectroscopy]]===
Proposed By: Park Kun Hee

Pulsed plasma in partial vacuum is characterised, by analysing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line_ratios line intensity ratios] to determine its temperature and density.

===[[Single Photon Counters]]===
Proposed By: Yeo Zhen Yuan

The project is to build a Single Photon Counting Module (SPCM) from scratch and compare its efficiency with commercial counterparts like [https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/excelitas-technologies/SPCM-AQRH-10-FC/6235280 this device]. It works based on the photoelectric effect to turn incident photon into photoelectron. This photoelectron is then accelerated in an electric field to produce cascading electrons and this "electron avalanche" is detected as a spike in the current. This project may require a semiconductor fabrication facility, or we may have to make do with available photodiodes. Analogue signals will need to be processed via custom electronics and ultimately provide a digital readout. Current commercial detectors boast 50% Photon Detector Efficiency (PDE) at room temperature and that will be our goal. They typically cost $2000-$5000 which seems over-priced and ready for disruption. Liquid nitrogen temperatures may be needed to see how large a PDE we can get.

What is SPCM good for? Copied from the datasheet/brochure: LIDAR, Quantum Cryptography, Photon correlation spectroscopy, Astronomical observation, Optical range finding, Adaptive optics, Ultra-sensitive fluorescence, Particle sizing, Microscopy. So maybe this would become a toy/tool for next year's students.

===[[Kerr Microscope]]===
Proposed By: Sim May Inn (write up by Joel Yeo)

Team members: Gan Jun Herng, Joel Yeo

Imaging a sample can be done in many ways, depending on the light-matter interaction we are interested in observing. The magneto-optic Kerr effect describes the change in polarization and intensity of incident light when it impinges on the surface of a magnetic material. The resultant reflected light can then form an image through focusing optics which provides high contrast between areas of different magnetization.

In this project, we will be aiming to build a basic Kerr microscope using off-the-shelf polarizers, objectives, detectors and laser source. An example of a magnetic sample is the magnetic tape from an old school cassette tape. To increase the field of view, we also plan to incorporate automatic raster scanning of the sample through means of an Arduino-controlled sample stage.

===[[Electron Gun]]===
Team Members: Irvin Lim, Aliki Sofia Rotelli, Tan Chuan Jie, Lai Tian Hao

The purpose of this project is to design and build an electron gun from the initial concept in order to create a detectable electron beam through the use of a phosphor-coated screen. Additionally, the beam current will be examined in order to better define the devices' capabilities. Mass spectrometry, x-ray production for linear accelerators, and electron-beam lithography are just a few of the applications for electron gun technology.

===[[Polarization-entangled photon source]]===
Team Members: Cheng De Hao, Huang Hai Tao, Wang Zhenyu

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the coherent conversion of polarization-entangled photons. The polarization-coherent up-conversion takes place in two orthogonally oriented, periodically-poled ppKTP crystals. Hopefully, we can create converted state that violates a Bell inequality and verify the conversion of polarization entanglement.

==Resources==
===[[Recorded sessions]]===
Some of the sessions will be recorded and uploaded to youtube. Find a description on the [[Recorded sessions]] page.

===Devices and material===
Apart form all the stuff in the teaching lab, we have a few resources you may want to consider for your project
*...

'''Books:'''
* P.R. Bevington, D.K. Robinson: Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 3rd edition. McGrawHill, ISBN0-07-119926-8. A very good book containing all the questions you never allowed yourself to ask about error treatment, statistics, fitting of data to models etc.
* Horrowitz/Hill: The Art of Electronics
* C.H. Moore, C.C. Davis, M.A. Coplan: Building Scientific Apparatus. 2nd or higher edition. Perseus Books, ISBN0-201-13189-7. A very comprehensive book about many dirty details in experimental physics, and ways to get simple problems solved. Appears a bit dated, but is a good start for many experimental projects up to this day!
* Christopher C. Davis: Laser and Electro-optics. Useful as a general introduction to many contemporary aspects you come across when working with lasers, with a reasonable introduction of the theory. Very practical for optics.

'''Software:'''
Some of the more common data processing tools used in experimental physics:
* [http://www.gnuplot.info/ '''Gnuplot''']: A free and very mature data display tool that works on just about any platform used that produces excellent publication-grade eps and pdf figures. Can be also used in scripts. Open source and completely free.
* Various '''Python''' extensions. [http://www.python.org/ Python] is a very powerful free programming language that runs on just about any computer platform. It is open source and completely free.
* '''Matlab''': Very common, good toolset also for formal mathematics, good graphics. Expensive. We may have a site license, but I am not sure how painful it is for us to get a license for this course. Ask me if interested.
* '''Mathematica''': More common among theroetical physicists, very good in formal maths, now with better numerics. Graphs are ok but can be a pain to make looking good. As with Matlab, we do have a campus license but an increasingly painful licensing ritual. Ask me if interested or follow the instruction to install the software in your desktop.
* '''Origin''': Very widespread data processing software with a complete graphical user interface, integrates well into a Windows environment. Most likely available in your research labs, not sure if NUS has a site license.
* '''Labview''': Many of you may have seen this in your labs, but I am not too familiar with it, and chances are it is too resource-hungry to run on the machines we have there. It keeps its promise of a fast learning curve if you want to do simple things but it can get a REAL pain if you want to do subtle things, or want to do things fast, or want to debug code. Expensive and resource-hungry, but comes with good integration of also expensive hardware. May not be worth it if you know any programming language.
* [https://www.circuitlab.com/ '''Circuit Lab''']: a convenient software to design and simulate electrical circuits directly at your browser. I think Flash is required. It works well in Chrome.

===[[Acronym database]]===
This is an attempt to clarify the countless acronyms we use in our sub-communities (follow headline link)

===[[Gnuplot tricks]]===
Follow the headline link for some of the random questions that came up with gnuplot.

== Previous PC5214 wikis ==
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1819S2 AY2018/19 Sem2]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1415S1 AY2014/15 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1314S1 AY2013/14 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1213S1 AY2012/13 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1112S1 AY2011/12 Sem1]
* [http://pc5214.org/AY1011S1 AY2010/11 Sem1]

== Some wiki reference materials==
Consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. Other sources:

* [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [[Writing mathematical expressions]]
* [[Uploading images]]

Main Page

2022-02-04T08:38:17Z

Main Page

2022-01-12T03:16:37Z

Christian: /* Project 1 (example) */

Main Page

2022-01-12T03:01:49Z

Christian: /* Devices and material */

Gnuplot tricks

2022-01-12T02:59:16Z

Christian: Created page with "One of the freely available programs for all kind of operating systems is gnuplot - the home page for this package is http://www.gnuplot.info/ Basically, it is a scripting language that allows you to generate graphs from plaintext data through scripts. There are a wide variety of output formats, and it generates reasonably compact versions of publication-grade graphs. It includes a library to fit data and to evaluate functions, which have a syntax that is inspired by..."

One of the freely available programs for all kind of operating systems is gnuplot - the home page for this package is http://www.gnuplot.info/

Basically, it is a scripting language that allows you to generate graphs from plaintext data through scripts. There are a wide variety of output formats, and it generates reasonably compact versions of publication-grade graphs. It includes a library to fit data and to evaluate functions, which have a syntax that is inspired by Fortran :)

Uploading images

2022-01-12T02:54:29Z

Christian: Created page with "You can upload images (and a variety of files) by using the [https://pc5214.org/index.php/Special:Upload Upload file] tab on the left menu. Once uploaded, you can include your image into a text with [image:File_name_of_your_image.png]"

You can upload images (and a variety of files) by using the [https://pc5214.org/index.php/Special:Upload Upload file] tab on the left menu.

Once uploaded, you can include your image into a text with
[image:File_name_of_your_image.png]

Main Page

2022-01-12T02:47:15Z

Christian: /* Previous PC5214 wikis */

Main Page

2022-01-12T02:28:41Z

Christian: /* Projects */

Writing mathematical expressions

2022-01-12T02:27:56Z

Christian:

Here is an example of how to write a mathematical expression. Basically, you sandwich a LaTeX version of your expression between a <nowiki><math></math></nowiki> pair.

The source code
<nowiki><math>\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math> </nowiki>
renders as <math>\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math>

2022-01-06T15:41:07Z

Christian: