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===1.1 Background and significance of the study===
===1.1 Background and significance of the study===
Since birth, humans have relied primarily on vision to obtain information and observe their surroundings. Vision is one of the most important channels through which humans perceive the outside world, and it plays an important role in integrating other sensory tasks such as hearing, smell and touch.
Since birth, humans have relied primarily on vision to obtain information and observe their surroundings. Vision is one of the most important channels through which humans perceive the outside world, and it plays an important role in integrating other sensory tasks such as hearing, smell and touch.
Nowadays, as society is progressing, technology is evolving and mankind has fully entered the digital age. But vision problems, an important part of the visual function, continue to plague people. The complexity of the factors that affects vision, whether genetic or environmental, and the fact that visual impairment at a later stage can exacerbate its decline, have a serious impact on people's quality of life. Not only that, Marques Ana Patricia et al. [1] used population, prevalence and other data to build a model, and after a series of calculations, they concluded that global economic productivity will be affected by people's visual impairment or loss factors, and visual loss in Under certain environmental constraints, the level of poverty will be exacerbated, the quality of life will be reduced, and the employment rate will also be reduced; while formulating effective support policies for the visually impaired, scientific prevention and reduction of vision loss can effectively improve productivity. Glare is one of the factors that can impair visual function later in life.
Nowadays, as society is progressing, technology is evolving and mankind has fully entered the digital age. But vision problems, an important part of the visual function, continue to plague people. The complexity of the factors that affects vision, whether genetic or environmental, and the fact that visual impairment at a later stage can exacerbate its decline, have a serious impact on people's quality of life. Not only that, Marques Ana Patricia et al. [1] used population, prevalence and other data to build a model, and after a series of calculations, they concluded that global economic productivity will be affected by people's visual impairment or loss factors, and visual loss in Under certain environmental constraints, the level of poverty will be exacerbated, the quality of life will be reduced, and the employment rate will also be reduced; while formulating effective support policies for the visually impaired, scientific prevention and reduction of vision loss can effectively improve productivity. Glare is one of the factors that can impair visual function later in life.
Glare refers to a visual condition in which people feel uncomfortable in their eyes or react with reduced object visibility due to an uncomfortable distribution of brightness in the normal field of view, or a sharp contrast in brightness in space and time. For example, people often look at their mobile phones in the sunlight, and it is difficult for the operator to see the content of the information on the instrument display under strong sunlight, which is a reflected glare phenomenon, also known as indirect glare; visual discomfort due to the presence of light of excessive intensity in the normal field of vision, such as street lighting decorations of excessive brightness on the roadside or oncoming blinding headlights at night, which is a direct glare phenomenon.
Glare refers to a visual condition in which people feel uncomfortable in their eyes or react with reduced object visibility due to an uncomfortable distribution of brightness in the normal field of view, or a sharp contrast in brightness in space and time. For example, people often look at their mobile phones in the sunlight, and it is difficult for the operator to see the content of the information on the instrument display under strong sunlight, which is a reflected glare phenomenon, also known as indirect glare; visual discomfort due to the presence of light of excessive intensity in the normal field of vision, such as street lighting decorations of excessive brightness on the roadside or oncoming blinding headlights at night, which is a direct glare phenomenon.
Direct and reflected glare is a widespread phenomenon in our daily lives and is becoming a major concern for society. In the case of direct glare, initiatives are taken in various areas such as traffic and luminaire installation design to avoid the dangers of glare to humans. For the problem of reflected glare, not only scientific measures but also technical support are needed, and anti-glare film is an essential tool to suppress reflected glare.
Direct and reflected glare is a widespread phenomenon in our daily lives and is becoming a major concern for society. In the case of direct glare, initiatives are taken in various areas such as traffic and luminaire installation design to avoid the dangers of glare to humans. For the problem of reflected glare, not only scientific measures but also technical support are needed, and anti-glare film is an essential tool to suppress reflected glare.
Nowadays, information technology has become a comprehensive part of human life, and a wide range of digital electronics has become one of the most important channels for accessing information. At present, a large proportion of instruments on the market are usually encased in highly transparent glass as the outermost layer near the user's end. When a very bright light source is reflected by the glass to produce a very bright light, or when there is a strong contrast in brightness, the user will feel discomfort due to the reflected glare. Glare not only affects people's visual function and causes inconvenience, but also causes irritability, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, depression and other symptoms that can cause psychological discomfort and pose a threat to human health and safety.[2] Therefore, the research of anti-glare films is a crucial task and people are paying more and more attention to this field. Based on an in-depth understanding of the principles of glare, researchers have developed and designed a variety of anti-glare films to suppress the generation of reflected glare and reduce its impact on life, and they have been used in various applications such as LCD monitors, vehicle lights and bridge guardrail lights.
Nowadays, information technology has become a comprehensive part of human life, and a wide range of digital electronics has become one of the most important channels for accessing information. At present, a large proportion of instruments on the market are usually encased in highly transparent glass as the outermost layer near the user's end. When a very bright light source is reflected by the glass to produce a very bright light, or when there is a strong contrast in brightness, the user will feel discomfort due to the reflected glare. Glare not only affects people's visual function and causes inconvenience, but also causes irritability, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, depression and other symptoms that can cause psychological discomfort and pose a threat to human health and safety.[2] Therefore, the research of anti-glare films is a crucial task and people are paying more and more attention to this field. Based on an in-depth understanding of the principles of glare, researchers have developed and designed a variety of anti-glare films to suppress the generation of reflected glare and reduce its impact on life, and they have been used in various applications such as LCD monitors, vehicle lights and bridge guardrail lights.
The common anti-glare films on the market are made up of tiny particles within the film or rough optical surfaces that cause light scattering[3], which in turn produces a fogging effect that can effectively suppress glare, and researchers are constantly optimizing the anti-glare film on this basis, but as a passive optical film, this anti-glare film has always had limitations in terms of product application. Because glare does not occur continuously, for example, when looking at a mobile phone or tablet in strong sunlight, but not in dimly lit areas or until nightfall, it is hoped that the anti-glare film applied to the instrument display will become more transparent, allowing more light to pass through from the display so that the information on the display can be obtained more clearly and accurately. The information on the display can be obtained more clearly and accurately. With this in mind, we have designed an electronically controlled anti-glare film that can be applied to the screen of an instrumentation display to add convenience to people's lives.
The common anti-glare films on the market are made up of tiny particles within the film or rough optical surfaces that cause light scattering[3], which in turn produces a fogging effect that can effectively suppress glare, and researchers are constantly optimizing the anti-glare film on this basis, but as a passive optical film, this anti-glare film has always had limitations in terms of product application. Because glare does not occur continuously, for example, when looking at a mobile phone or tablet in strong sunlight, but not in dimly lit areas or until nightfall, it is hoped that the anti-glare film applied to the instrument display will become more transparent, allowing more light to pass through from the display so that the information on the display can be obtained more clearly and accurately. The information on the display can be obtained more clearly and accurately. With this in mind, we have designed an electronically controlled anti-glare film that can be applied to the screen of an instrumentation display to add convenience to people's lives.


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Holladay[4] introduced the concept of glare in 1926, believing that it occurred on the cells of the human retina, a term that is now known as disabling glare. In 1928, Stile[5] proposed that glare occurs in the human eye due to media scattering, an idea now known as discomfort glare, and that it can occur in environments with excessive brightness for long periods of time. This is now known as discomfort glare, which is caused by prolonged exposure to an environment of excessive brightness, such as an art gallery or museum with poorly set luminaires, where people may feel uncomfortable or their visual function may be reduced. In addition, adaptive glare is also a common glare phenomenon in life. When the human eye is exposed to drastic changes in the lighting environment, such as coming out of a cinema aisle and walking into the sunlight, it takes time for people to adapt and a brief period of discomfort can occur.
Holladay[4] introduced the concept of glare in 1926, believing that it occurred on the cells of the human retina, a term that is now known as disabling glare. In 1928, Stile[5] proposed that glare occurs in the human eye due to media scattering, an idea now known as discomfort glare, and that it can occur in environments with excessive brightness for long periods of time. This is now known as discomfort glare, which is caused by prolonged exposure to an environment of excessive brightness, such as an art gallery or museum with poorly set luminaires, where people may feel uncomfortable or their visual function may be reduced. In addition, adaptive glare is also a common glare phenomenon in life. When the human eye is exposed to drastic changes in the lighting environment, such as coming out of a cinema aisle and walking into the sunlight, it takes time for people to adapt and a brief period of discomfort can occur.
As shown in Figure 1-2, glare is a common phenomenon in people's lives. In general, disabling glare and adaptive glare are more irritating to people, but they are short-lived and easily noticed, while the phenomenon of discomfort glare formed by reflections from surfaces like instruments and meters, although widespread, is less likely to attract attention, but continuous damage can make people's vision deteriorate and cause harm to human health.
As shown in Figure 1-2, glare is a common phenomenon in people's lives. In general, disabling glare and adaptive glare are more irritating to people, but they are short-lived and easily noticed, while the phenomenon of discomfort glare formed by reflections from surfaces like instruments and meters, although widespread, is less likely to attract attention, but continuous damage can make people's vision deteriorate and cause harm to human health.
The generation of glare is related to the location and brightness of the light source, as shown in Figure 1-3. According to the classification of the light source that generates glare, glare can be divided into direct glare and reflected glare.
The generation of glare is related to the location and brightness of the light source, as shown in Figure 1-3. According to the classification of the light source that generates glare, glare can be divided into direct glare and reflected glare.
Direct glare is caused by the presence of bright light sources in the human field of vision, for example, blinding street lights, looking up at the sun, LED displays with too much brightness in busy streets, etc. Reflected glare is caused by the reflection of light from the surface of an object, for example, on shiny metal surfaces with a large reflection coefficient, the sunlight can easily enter the human eye due to its reflection and cause some harm to the human body.
Direct glare is caused by the presence of bright light sources in the human field of vision, for example, blinding street lights, looking up at the sun, LED displays with too much brightness in busy streets, etc. Reflected glare is caused by the reflection of light from the surface of an object, for example, on shiny metal surfaces with a large reflection coefficient, the sunlight can easily enter the human eye due to its reflection and cause some harm to the human body.


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As a common optical phenomenon in life, glare has always received close attention from scholars at home and abroad, and researchers have never stopped studying and analysing the problem of glare.
As a common optical phenomenon in life, glare has always received close attention from scholars at home and abroad, and researchers have never stopped studying and analysing the problem of glare.
In 1966, Ota. Y and Nonaka.K[7] conducted tests on a new type of contact lens, studied its anti-glare effect and analysed its impact on human visual function. The Institute of Optoelectronic Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[8] has also contributed to the optimisation of the performance of eyeglasses by producing a new eyeglass product with yellow anti-fog, anti-glare and anti-fatigue properties, which is the first gross lens made in China using the drop material one-shot process. Compared to ordinary optical lenses on the market, the effect is remarkable in terms of transparency enhancement. With its anti-fogging and vision-enhancing features, as well as its anti-UV and anti-glare properties, without affecting the clarity of night vision, these lenses have become an ideal tool for car drivers and people working outside in foggy weather. Both the new contact lenses and the new lenses with high performance reflect the fact that researchers have become acutely aware of the dangers of glare on the human body, especially in terms of vision.
In 1966, Ota. Y and Nonaka.K[7] conducted tests on a new type of contact lens, studied its anti-glare effect and analysed its impact on human visual function. The Institute of Optoelectronic Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[8] has also contributed to the optimisation of the performance of eyeglasses by producing a new eyeglass product with yellow anti-fog, anti-glare and anti-fatigue properties, which is the first gross lens made in China using the drop material one-shot process. Compared to ordinary optical lenses on the market, the effect is remarkable in terms of transparency enhancement. With its anti-fogging and vision-enhancing features, as well as its anti-UV and anti-glare properties, without affecting the clarity of night vision, these lenses have become an ideal tool for car drivers and people working outside in foggy weather. Both the new contact lenses and the new lenses with high performance reflect the fact that researchers have become acutely aware of the dangers of glare on the human body, especially in terms of vision.
At the same time, the level of awareness of the dangers of glare is increasing through ongoing experiments. Thurmon E. Lockhart, Bunji Atsumi and Arka Ghosh[9] recruited 28 participants in university groups and the community to assess the visual acuity of 56 participants by simulating daytime and nighttime conditions, thus investigating the Visual acuity and the relationship between reflected glare and daytime and nighttime driving conditions. Age and distance were found to be two significant influencing factors, with older people responding more significantly under the same glare conditions, and scientific recommendations were made for different age groups. Glare affects not only one's vision but also one's ability to read. Susanne Glimne, Cecilia Österman et al.[10] had 16 subjects perform the same task with normal binocular visual function and controlled variables by controlling the brightness level of direct glare to study the effects of computer work in an experiment based on ensuring that no other glare factors affected. The study showed that light conditions had a significant negative effect on reading ability, and that human control of the binoculars was diminished by direct glare. While the use of electronic devices such as tablet computers can lead to increased visual demands, society cannot progress without digital display technology, and the problem of glare has a real impact on people's access to information as well as on their physical and mental health. Although there has been no clear decree or relevant regulation to explain the management of glare problems, scholars at home and abroad have been exploring means to suppress glare through research in order to create a good visual environment for people and to avoid the hindrance and interference of glare to their normal life.
At the same time, the level of awareness of the dangers of glare is increasing through ongoing experiments. Thurmon E. Lockhart, Bunji Atsumi and Arka Ghosh[9] recruited 28 participants in university groups and the community to assess the visual acuity of 56 participants by simulating daytime and nighttime conditions, thus investigating the Visual acuity and the relationship between reflected glare and daytime and nighttime driving conditions. Age and distance were found to be two significant influencing factors, with older people responding more significantly under the same glare conditions, and scientific recommendations were made for different age groups. Glare affects not only one's vision but also one's ability to read. Susanne Glimne, Cecilia Österman et al.[10] had 16 subjects perform the same task with normal binocular visual function and controlled variables by controlling the brightness level of direct glare to study the effects of computer work in an experiment based on ensuring that no other glare factors affected. The study showed that light conditions had a significant negative effect on reading ability, and that human control of the binoculars was diminished by direct glare. While the use of electronic devices such as tablet computers can lead to increased visual demands, society cannot progress without digital display technology, and the problem of glare has a real impact on people's access to information as well as on their physical and mental health. Although there has been no clear decree or relevant regulation to explain the management of glare problems, scholars at home and abroad have been exploring means to suppress glare through research in order to create a good visual environment for people and to avoid the hindrance and interference of glare to their normal life.


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Different initiatives have been taken in different areas to protect the human body from direct glare[11] .
Different initiatives have been taken in different areas to protect the human body from direct glare[11] .
In terms of architectural lighting, managers pay great attention to the arrangement of lights, indicating that they should limit the brightness and surface area of lamps and lanterns on the principle of concealing the light source and reducing its brightness, while meeting the lighting needs, and stipulating that the installation of lamps and lanterns should take into account glare, ensure a certain protection angle and install the lamps and lanterns as far as possible in places outside the normal range of human vision. Attention should also be paid to the effect of contrast, the higher the contrast, the more likely the glare phenomenon will occur, and by appropriately increasing the background brightness of the light source direct glare can be avoided to cause harm to humans.
In terms of architectural lighting, managers pay great attention to the arrangement of lights, indicating that they should limit the brightness and surface area of lamps and lanterns on the principle of concealing the light source and reducing its brightness, while meeting the lighting needs, and stipulating that the installation of lamps and lanterns should take into account glare, ensure a certain protection angle and install the lamps and lanterns as far as possible in places outside the normal range of human vision. Attention should also be paid to the effect of contrast, the higher the contrast, the more likely the glare phenomenon will occur, and by appropriately increasing the background brightness of the light source direct glare can be avoided to cause harm to humans.
Research has also been carried out in the area of automotive lighting and the control of road glare. The polarised headlight system is a solution for the headlights of cars, and designers have also developed asymmetric low beam systems and auto-dimming headlight systems. The asymmetrical near-light system reduces the driver's exposure to direct glare by setting the near-light and the far-light, the polarised headlamp uses a polariser in front of the headlamp to avoid glare due to excessive brightness from the opposite headlamp, and the auto-dimming headlamp suppresses glare by adjusting the light intensity of the headlamp.
Research has also been carried out in the area of automotive lighting and the control of road glare. The polarised headlight system is a solution for the headlights of cars, and designers have also developed asymmetric low beam systems and auto-dimming headlight systems. The asymmetrical near-light system reduces the driver's exposure to direct glare by setting the near-light and the far-light, the polarised headlamp uses a polariser in front of the headlamp to avoid glare due to excessive brightness from the opposite headlamp, and the auto-dimming headlamp suppresses glare by adjusting the light intensity of the headlamp.
The problem of glare interference on motorways is mainly solved by installing continuous anti-glare measures in the central divider of the road, placed at a defined spacing and lateral width to block all or part of the light in front of the vehicle, thus achieving the purpose of anti-glare. In 2021, Yu Jianyou et al.[12] used lighting simulation software to simulate tunnel lighting under different combinations of spacing and angle, with symmetrical distribution of lighting on both sides of the tunnel, in order to analyse the relationship between the angle of incidence of tunnel lighting and the driver's line of sight and the glare phenomenon, and to provide recommendations for optimising the quality of tunnel lighting.
The problem of glare interference on motorways is mainly solved by installing continuous anti-glare measures in the central divider of the road, placed at a defined spacing and lateral width to block all or part of the light in front of the vehicle, thus achieving the purpose of anti-glare. In 2021, Yu Jianyou et al.[12] used lighting simulation software to simulate tunnel lighting under different combinations of spacing and angle, with symmetrical distribution of lighting on both sides of the tunnel, in order to analyse the relationship between the angle of incidence of tunnel lighting and the driver's line of sight and the glare phenomenon, and to provide recommendations for optimising the quality of tunnel lighting.
For reflective glare, scientific selection of materials and reasonable arrangement of light sources in daily life are also necessary measures to be taken. In addition to this, anti-glare film is an essential tool for glare problems on various displays and LCDs, mainly by coating the surface of the display to reduce the risk of glare to humans[13] . Scholars at home and abroad have been designing, researching and optimising anti-glare films, and research on anti-glare films has basically been based on changing the structure of the glass surface as a starting point.
For reflective glare, scientific selection of materials and reasonable arrangement of light sources in daily life are also necessary measures to be taken. In addition to this, anti-glare film is an essential tool for glare problems on various displays and LCDs, mainly by coating the surface of the display to reduce the risk of glare to humans[13] . Scholars at home and abroad have been designing, researching and optimising anti-glare films, and research on anti-glare films has basically been based on changing the structure of the glass surface as a starting point.
Direct modification of surface structure using physical and chemical means is one of the means often used by researchers. Wang Haifeng[14] et al. mixed sulphuric acid with fluoride to chemically etch the glass surface to give it a honeycomb structure, reducing specular reflection and increasing diffuse reflection. And by comparing the anti-glare performance of the glass under different conditions, they found that the best anti-glare effect was achieved by eroding the glass surface into the solution for 10 min at a temperature of 20°C.
Researchers seek not only to improve the anti-glare properties of glass, but also to ensure the transmission rate of glass and to continually analyse through experiments the effect of the treatment on the surface of the object on the properties of the object itself. Chunlian Luo[15] uses chemical etching to modify the surface structure of glass, and on the basis of a more detailed understanding of the anti-glare mechanism of glass using X-ray diffraction techniques, he observes the corrosion of glass by controlling variables such as time and temperature, while measuring the transmittance of the glass to find the optimal process parameters. In addition, the researcher compared the changes in microcracks, strength and chemical properties of the glass surface before and after the chemical treatment to produce anti-glare glass with an anti-glare effect and a surface transmittance enhancement of 1% to 2% over the transmittance of the original glass sheet.
In addition, some researchers have also tried to deal with the glare problem using entirely physical methods. min Chul Hong[16] et al. have proposed an environmentally friendly physical surface treatment technique based on the sandblasting method. the commonly used chemical etching method based on hydrofluoric acid has environmental and durability problems, this technique overcomes the disadvantages of the chemical method, using the distance between the sandblasting nozzle pressure sandblasting nozzle and the glass surface, the glass feed, the abrasive thickness, etc. as process input and the average haze value as process output for anti-glare process modelling and formulation optimisation, this surface treatment method can be applied to a wide range of products such as mobile phones, windshields and flat panels. In addition to this, "moth-eye" structures are also a typical anti-glare tool. S. J. Wilson and M. C. Hutley[17] describe the reflective and transmissive properties of the surface of a "moth-eye" structure, which has very fine bumps on the surface, implying In 2017, Bong Jin Cho[18] et al. simulated the non-reflective properties of several nanostructure arrays based on moth-eye nanostructures using finite difference in time domain (FDTD) simulations to investigate the suppression of reflection peaks by moth-eye nanostructures, showing that appropriate modulation of the height of the nanostructures is a very effective way to suppress the reflection peaks and flatten the reflection spectrum. reflection peaks and flatten the reflection spectrum. These methods all suppress glare generation by attenuating specular reflections and increasing diffuse reflections, as shown in Figures 1-5, where the machined surface is rougher and a portion of the specular reflection is converted to diffuse reflections, which can attenuate the level of glare.
In addition to this, coating the glass surface is also an effective means of preventing glare. Unlike direct roughening of the surface structure, coating uses the nature of the film to reduce the reflection of light, thus achieving the goal of anti-glare. For example, if the surface of an LED screen is coated with a transparent film, when the thickness of the film used is exactly one quarter of the wavelength of the incident light, according to the principle of interference, the reflected light on the upper and lower surfaces will be in opposite phase and the reflection will be weakened, which can be used to suppress glare.
Keith Parsons[19] et al. propose a multifunctional single-layer polymer coating that produces angle-independent low reflection in the 450-680 nm wavelength range, suppressing glare generation by suppressing reflection. Meenakshi Bhatt Kala[20] et al. propose a composite film in which the silica and germanium layers have different refractive indices, and this composite film allows the glass Bancha Janthong[21] et al. first treated the glass surface with reactive ion etching to form a high and low roughened structure, and then used organometallic chemical vapour deposition to coat the surface with a thin film. the diffuse reflective properties and the high haze of the film will reduce the specular reflection of the glass surface, thereby reducing the effect of glare. Li Zhenyi[22] , on the other hand, has graded the refractive index of the film, which allows for a wide wavelength band and large angle de-reflection. By constructing a gradient refractive index film to achieve de-reflection, glare can be effectively suppressed.
From single-layer films to the use of multi-layer stacked structures, and from the use of a single method to a combination of methods to modify the surface structure, the number of methods to produce anti-glare films is increasing. Liu and Yeh[23] suppressed glare by constructing a dispersion of optical nanoparticles on the glass surface. They applied a total of four sizes of silicate particles, 80 nm, 90 nm, 100 nm and 120 nm, to the glass surface. The distribution density of the surface particles could be adjusted by controlling the immersion time, and finally tested the reflectivity of the surface and found that the 120 nm nanoparticle walk structure had the best reflective performance among the four medium size particles and the lowest total reflection in the full frequency band. 2013, Lulu Peng [24]In 2013, Peng designed a photonic crystal with a one-dimensional structure using optical principles. The photonic forbidden band allows the optical frequency to fall into the passband of the photonic crystal, thus reducing the reflection phenomenon on the surface of the substrate; based on this, a nanostructure was also designed, which presents a two-dimensional square-shaped periodic array, extending the low-reflection property in the whole optical frequency range, and the simulation software was used to build a model to verify the simulation.
The performance of anti-glare film is constantly being optimized and various physical, chemical and optical methods of film production are being explored. Afterwards, the research of anti-glare film must be carried out under the premise of quality assurance, and we need to use scientific methods to constantly innovate and discover brand new means of anti-glare or further optimize the performance of anti-glare film to make it more widely and conveniently used.


==2 Liquid Crystal==
==2 Liquid Crystal==

Revision as of 06:40, 25 April 2022

Team members

Han Shixin(A0236394X)

Ming Xiaohan(A0236400W)

Zhang Yuanyuan(A0236393Y)

Idea

Glare is an undesirable lighting phenomenon. To suppress glare, optical films can be used. Based on the electro-optical characteristics of liquid crystals, the project aims to investigate the relationship between voltage and optical characteristics of liquid crystals. At the same time, the orientation and thickness of the liquid crystal are optimized simultaneously to obtain the design parameters of modulable liquid crystal anti-glare film, so that the liquid crystal has high diffraction efficiency at the reflecting end and low diffraction efficiency at the transmitting end.


Theoretical foundations

1 Introduction

1.1 Background and significance of the study

Since birth, humans have relied primarily on vision to obtain information and observe their surroundings. Vision is one of the most important channels through which humans perceive the outside world, and it plays an important role in integrating other sensory tasks such as hearing, smell and touch.

Nowadays, as society is progressing, technology is evolving and mankind has fully entered the digital age. But vision problems, an important part of the visual function, continue to plague people. The complexity of the factors that affects vision, whether genetic or environmental, and the fact that visual impairment at a later stage can exacerbate its decline, have a serious impact on people's quality of life. Not only that, Marques Ana Patricia et al. [1] used population, prevalence and other data to build a model, and after a series of calculations, they concluded that global economic productivity will be affected by people's visual impairment or loss factors, and visual loss in Under certain environmental constraints, the level of poverty will be exacerbated, the quality of life will be reduced, and the employment rate will also be reduced; while formulating effective support policies for the visually impaired, scientific prevention and reduction of vision loss can effectively improve productivity. Glare is one of the factors that can impair visual function later in life.

Glare refers to a visual condition in which people feel uncomfortable in their eyes or react with reduced object visibility due to an uncomfortable distribution of brightness in the normal field of view, or a sharp contrast in brightness in space and time. For example, people often look at their mobile phones in the sunlight, and it is difficult for the operator to see the content of the information on the instrument display under strong sunlight, which is a reflected glare phenomenon, also known as indirect glare; visual discomfort due to the presence of light of excessive intensity in the normal field of vision, such as street lighting decorations of excessive brightness on the roadside or oncoming blinding headlights at night, which is a direct glare phenomenon.

Direct and reflected glare is a widespread phenomenon in our daily lives and is becoming a major concern for society. In the case of direct glare, initiatives are taken in various areas such as traffic and luminaire installation design to avoid the dangers of glare to humans. For the problem of reflected glare, not only scientific measures but also technical support are needed, and anti-glare film is an essential tool to suppress reflected glare. Nowadays, information technology has become a comprehensive part of human life, and a wide range of digital electronics has become one of the most important channels for accessing information. At present, a large proportion of instruments on the market are usually encased in highly transparent glass as the outermost layer near the user's end. When a very bright light source is reflected by the glass to produce a very bright light, or when there is a strong contrast in brightness, the user will feel discomfort due to the reflected glare. Glare not only affects people's visual function and causes inconvenience, but also causes irritability, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, depression and other symptoms that can cause psychological discomfort and pose a threat to human health and safety.[2] Therefore, the research of anti-glare films is a crucial task and people are paying more and more attention to this field. Based on an in-depth understanding of the principles of glare, researchers have developed and designed a variety of anti-glare films to suppress the generation of reflected glare and reduce its impact on life, and they have been used in various applications such as LCD monitors, vehicle lights and bridge guardrail lights.

The common anti-glare films on the market are made up of tiny particles within the film or rough optical surfaces that cause light scattering[3], which in turn produces a fogging effect that can effectively suppress glare, and researchers are constantly optimizing the anti-glare film on this basis, but as a passive optical film, this anti-glare film has always had limitations in terms of product application. Because glare does not occur continuously, for example, when looking at a mobile phone or tablet in strong sunlight, but not in dimly lit areas or until nightfall, it is hoped that the anti-glare film applied to the instrument display will become more transparent, allowing more light to pass through from the display so that the information on the display can be obtained more clearly and accurately. The information on the display can be obtained more clearly and accurately. With this in mind, we have designed an electronically controlled anti-glare film that can be applied to the screen of an instrumentation display to add convenience to people's lives.

1.2 Glare and anti-glare film

1.2.1 Introduction to glare

Holladay[4] introduced the concept of glare in 1926, believing that it occurred on the cells of the human retina, a term that is now known as disabling glare. In 1928, Stile[5] proposed that glare occurs in the human eye due to media scattering, an idea now known as discomfort glare, and that it can occur in environments with excessive brightness for long periods of time. This is now known as discomfort glare, which is caused by prolonged exposure to an environment of excessive brightness, such as an art gallery or museum with poorly set luminaires, where people may feel uncomfortable or their visual function may be reduced. In addition, adaptive glare is also a common glare phenomenon in life. When the human eye is exposed to drastic changes in the lighting environment, such as coming out of a cinema aisle and walking into the sunlight, it takes time for people to adapt and a brief period of discomfort can occur.

As shown in Figure 1-2, glare is a common phenomenon in people's lives. In general, disabling glare and adaptive glare are more irritating to people, but they are short-lived and easily noticed, while the phenomenon of discomfort glare formed by reflections from surfaces like instruments and meters, although widespread, is less likely to attract attention, but continuous damage can make people's vision deteriorate and cause harm to human health.

The generation of glare is related to the location and brightness of the light source, as shown in Figure 1-3. According to the classification of the light source that generates glare, glare can be divided into direct glare and reflected glare.

Direct glare is caused by the presence of bright light sources in the human field of vision, for example, blinding street lights, looking up at the sun, LED displays with too much brightness in busy streets, etc. Reflected glare is caused by the reflection of light from the surface of an object, for example, on shiny metal surfaces with a large reflection coefficient, the sunlight can easily enter the human eye due to its reflection and cause some harm to the human body.

1.2.2 Anti-glare research analysis

As a common optical phenomenon in life, glare has always received close attention from scholars at home and abroad, and researchers have never stopped studying and analysing the problem of glare.

In 1966, Ota. Y and Nonaka.K[7] conducted tests on a new type of contact lens, studied its anti-glare effect and analysed its impact on human visual function. The Institute of Optoelectronic Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[8] has also contributed to the optimisation of the performance of eyeglasses by producing a new eyeglass product with yellow anti-fog, anti-glare and anti-fatigue properties, which is the first gross lens made in China using the drop material one-shot process. Compared to ordinary optical lenses on the market, the effect is remarkable in terms of transparency enhancement. With its anti-fogging and vision-enhancing features, as well as its anti-UV and anti-glare properties, without affecting the clarity of night vision, these lenses have become an ideal tool for car drivers and people working outside in foggy weather. Both the new contact lenses and the new lenses with high performance reflect the fact that researchers have become acutely aware of the dangers of glare on the human body, especially in terms of vision.

At the same time, the level of awareness of the dangers of glare is increasing through ongoing experiments. Thurmon E. Lockhart, Bunji Atsumi and Arka Ghosh[9] recruited 28 participants in university groups and the community to assess the visual acuity of 56 participants by simulating daytime and nighttime conditions, thus investigating the Visual acuity and the relationship between reflected glare and daytime and nighttime driving conditions. Age and distance were found to be two significant influencing factors, with older people responding more significantly under the same glare conditions, and scientific recommendations were made for different age groups. Glare affects not only one's vision but also one's ability to read. Susanne Glimne, Cecilia Österman et al.[10] had 16 subjects perform the same task with normal binocular visual function and controlled variables by controlling the brightness level of direct glare to study the effects of computer work in an experiment based on ensuring that no other glare factors affected. The study showed that light conditions had a significant negative effect on reading ability, and that human control of the binoculars was diminished by direct glare. While the use of electronic devices such as tablet computers can lead to increased visual demands, society cannot progress without digital display technology, and the problem of glare has a real impact on people's access to information as well as on their physical and mental health. Although there has been no clear decree or relevant regulation to explain the management of glare problems, scholars at home and abroad have been exploring means to suppress glare through research in order to create a good visual environment for people and to avoid the hindrance and interference of glare to their normal life.

1.2.3 Anti-glare principles and measures

Different initiatives have been taken in different areas to protect the human body from direct glare[11] .

In terms of architectural lighting, managers pay great attention to the arrangement of lights, indicating that they should limit the brightness and surface area of lamps and lanterns on the principle of concealing the light source and reducing its brightness, while meeting the lighting needs, and stipulating that the installation of lamps and lanterns should take into account glare, ensure a certain protection angle and install the lamps and lanterns as far as possible in places outside the normal range of human vision. Attention should also be paid to the effect of contrast, the higher the contrast, the more likely the glare phenomenon will occur, and by appropriately increasing the background brightness of the light source direct glare can be avoided to cause harm to humans.

Research has also been carried out in the area of automotive lighting and the control of road glare. The polarised headlight system is a solution for the headlights of cars, and designers have also developed asymmetric low beam systems and auto-dimming headlight systems. The asymmetrical near-light system reduces the driver's exposure to direct glare by setting the near-light and the far-light, the polarised headlamp uses a polariser in front of the headlamp to avoid glare due to excessive brightness from the opposite headlamp, and the auto-dimming headlamp suppresses glare by adjusting the light intensity of the headlamp.

The problem of glare interference on motorways is mainly solved by installing continuous anti-glare measures in the central divider of the road, placed at a defined spacing and lateral width to block all or part of the light in front of the vehicle, thus achieving the purpose of anti-glare. In 2021, Yu Jianyou et al.[12] used lighting simulation software to simulate tunnel lighting under different combinations of spacing and angle, with symmetrical distribution of lighting on both sides of the tunnel, in order to analyse the relationship between the angle of incidence of tunnel lighting and the driver's line of sight and the glare phenomenon, and to provide recommendations for optimising the quality of tunnel lighting.

For reflective glare, scientific selection of materials and reasonable arrangement of light sources in daily life are also necessary measures to be taken. In addition to this, anti-glare film is an essential tool for glare problems on various displays and LCDs, mainly by coating the surface of the display to reduce the risk of glare to humans[13] . Scholars at home and abroad have been designing, researching and optimising anti-glare films, and research on anti-glare films has basically been based on changing the structure of the glass surface as a starting point.

2 Liquid Crystal

2.1 Introduction to liquid crystals

Liquid crystal is a special state of matter between a liquid and a crystal, which has both the fluidity of a liquid and the anisotropy of a crystal, and is known as the "fourth state of matter". In 1888, in the course of an experiment, Reinitzer discovered liquid crystals. As an Austrian botanist, he discovered an interesting phenomenon when conducting experiments on the melting point of certain organic substances: when heating them up, at first the organic substances had a slightly white cloudy, opaque state and would appear in a number of different shades. After heating for some time, the temperature reached a certain value, the white cloudy disappeared and the liquid cleared up and became transparent. At the time, liquid crystals were not well known, but the phenomenon attracted a German physicist - Lehmann. He used a polarizing microscope with its own heating function to further observe this interesting phenomenon and found that these organic substances were birefringent in their opaque state, a special property of crystals. Based on the special properties of this substance, Lehmann gave it the name "Liquid Crystal". After liquid crystals were officially named, a number of interested scientists explored them further, but the experimental environment and knowledge were limited to theoretical research, and no breakthroughs were made at the application level. As society moved forward and industrialization reached a certain level, liquid crystals came to the fore.

2.2 Classification of liquid crystals

The classification criteria are different and the classification results for liquid crystals will be different. Liquid crystals can be classified as thermogenic liquid crystals or solvogenic liquid crystals, based on the conditions of formation of the liquid crystal state. Thermogenic liquid crystals are liquid crystals where the liquid crystal state exists within a certain temperature range, and solvogenic liquid crystals are liquid crystals where the liquid crystal state exists within a certain concentration range. There are also different results according to the classification of the molecular geometry of liquid crystals. The classification of liquid crystals differs according to the arrangement of the molecules and can be divided into the Nematic phase, Semiotic phase, and Chelesteric phase. The molecular arrangement of nematic phase liquid crystals is one-dimensional and ordered, but the center of gravity of the molecules is disordered. Unlike the nematic phase liquid crystals, the molecules of the proximal phase liquid crystals are all arranged in layers. The molecules in each layer of the near-crystalline A phase are arranged in one dimension and are ordered, but the center of gravity of the molecules is disordered; the molecules in each layer of the near-crystalline B phase are also arranged in one dimension and are ordered, and the center of gravity of the molecules are ordered; the molecules in the near-crystalline C phase are arranged in one dimension and are ordered, and the center of gravity of the molecules is disordered, but there is an angle between the arrangement of the molecules in the layer and the layer normal. The molecules of cholesteric liquid crystals are helically arranged, and on the surface perpendicular to the cross-section of the helical axis, the liquid crystal molecules are arranged in one dimension and are ordered, but the center of gravity of the molecules is disordered.

2.3 Several important parameters of liquid crystals

The pointing vector of a liquid crystal is the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules point and is the most fundamental element in the study of liquid crystal topics. The pointing vector is generally denoted by "n". It is an idealized statistical physical quantity that describes the average pointing direction of a liquid crystal molecule, has no dimension, and is a unit vector. The order parameter, i.e., the orientation order parameter of the liquid crystal, is denoted as "S". When S=0, the system is in a disordered state; when S=1, the system is in a completely ordered state. The order parameter of the liquid crystal is between 0 and 1 (excluding 0 and 1).

2.4 Liquid crystal orientation technology

Liquid crystal orientation technology is the key to the preparation of liquid crystal instruments. The technology has been widely used for over a century, from 1911 to the present. The frictional orientation technique uses a material such as cotton lint or nylon, which is set in the direction of the frictional orientation and then rubbed against the orientation layer to give it a certain shape. Due to the anchoring effect of the orientation film, the molecules around the orientation layer will cause the liquid crystal layer molecules to show a certain regular arrangement, thus achieving the purpose of orientation. There are two theories of this technology: the "groove" theory and the "orientation of molecular chains on the surface of the oriented layer" theory. Groove theory refers to the higher density of grooves created by friction. From the point of view of low energy and high system stability, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned along the grooves and the intermolecular interactions result in a stable arrangement of the oriented layers.

Figure 1. Picture of the ‘groove’ theory

The theory of "surface molecular chain orientation" refers to the action between the liquid crystal molecules and the orientation layer. When the orientation layer is rubbed, special molecular chains emerge, which are extended when the molecules come into contact with it, and then extend to form a specific orientation. At present, neither of these two theories provides a perfect explanation of the mechanism of frictional orientation, and this method of contact orientation has a long history, but still requires further research. Later on, some non-contact orientation techniques emerged: ion beam orientation, oblique vapour deposition, light orientation techniques, etc.. One of these technologies, photo-orientation, refers to the physical or chemical reaction that occurs when light is directed into a material, due to its photosensitive properties, thus causing the liquid crystal molecules to achieve a specific pointing. Light-controlled orientation is widely used because it avoids static electricity, dust and other contamination and can be used to make multi-domain devices.

5 The basic principles and methods of optical system construction

Based on the process of optical path construction in this design, some basic principles and methods of optical path construction and adjustment with universality are summarized here.

5.1 ‘Orderly step-by-step’ principle

The entire optical system can be broken down into many sub-targets, and the order of sub-targets has a definite direction and is unidirectional. On this basis, the entire optical system construction and commissioning process is decomposed into a step or link. The completion of the former step is the basis for the latter step, and the realization of the latter step depends on the result of the former step. The failure of the previous step, or the poor quality of its completion, will lead to the degradation of the quality of the latter step, the increase of the difficulty of debugging, and even the failure. It is difficult for the latter step to effectively correct the deviation of the former step. The later step should not affect and destroy the result of the previous step.

5.2 Criteria for dividing steps

The delineated steps should be ‘single’ and ‘independent’. ‘Unity’ means that each step is divided into a single debugging goal to be achieved. If a step contains multiple debugging goals, they should be uncoupled and independent of each other. ‘Independence’ means that the operation of each step should be limited to the equipment and devices associated with that step and not involve the operation of equipment and devices in other steps. Of course, because the complexity of optical systems vary, the structure and function of equipment and devices vary, and it is not always possible to make each step absolutely satisfy the criteria of ‘unity’ and ‘independence’. However, the steps should still be classified as close to this criterion as possible.

5.3 Regulation with a defined beam path

The beam is adjusted from its original path to the given path, given the path through which the beam has to pass. The way the beam path is given is usually by using two scales, such as diaphragms, where the line at the center of the diaphragm uniquely defines the beam path. During the adjustment process, the diaphragms are not moved, but rather the position (and height) of the light source is adjusted by translation and the angle of the light source is adjusted by rotation so that the beam from the light source can pass through the centers of both diaphragms at the same time. This operation is not only used in the light path construction, but also useful in the light path recovery. A common case where the beam path has been set is a parallel/horizontal path. In this case, it is also possible to use only one diaphragm and place it as far and as near as needed in the adjustment process, so that both diaphragms can serve the same purpose. Figure 4-1 illustrates the adjustment procedure in this way. First, the diaphragm is placed close to the light source, and the height and position of the light source are adjusted in translation so that the beam passes through the center of the diaphragm, as shown in step (a) in Figure 4-1; then the diaphragm is placed far away along the path, and the angle of the light source is adjusted in rotation so that the beam passes through the center of the diaphragm again, as shown in step (b); (c) when the diaphragm is again close to the light source and the beam is deflected from the near diaphragm, the light source is adjusted in translation position and height, so that it passes through the center of the near diaphragm; (d) then put the diaphragm at a distant position, turn the angle of the adjustable light source, so that the beam passes through the center of the diaphragm; repeatedly carry out the operation of (c) and (d) until when the diaphragm in the near and far position, both can be passed by the beam from the center as shown in figure (e), the adjustment of horizontal/parallel is completed. If you use two diaphragms, the operation principle is the same, based on the proximal diaphragm to pan to adjust the light source position and height, based on the distal diaphragm rotation to adjust the angle of the light source.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the operation with the beam path set (parallel)

Measurements

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